ࡱ> ]_\ Y8jbjbׅ (L%038,#$q-GG]]]-------W/1n--]]H+-]]--*,_A|S<+,<A-0q-+g2g2,,, q:   INTRODUCTIONS MODULE Introductions are vital to a papers structure and argument development. A good introduction grabs the readers attention, provides enough background information for the reader to understand the topic of the paper, defines terms necessary for understanding an argument, makes clear the authors main driving question, problem, and/or thesis, and offers a roadmap of the argumentative direction the paper will take. This module is designed to give you a review of the elements of an effective introduction as well as provide you with practice applying these elements to a tutoring session. Elements of an Effective Introduction Announce your topic broadly in a way that engages the reader in a problem, issue, or perspective that is new, unusual, or interesting. Provide essential context for your topic. Reflect the question raised by the assignment. Provide any background material important to your argument. Define key terms necessary for understanding your argument. Acknowledge popular opposing views or common perspectives on the issue that your position may challenge. Provide a roadmap of the argumentative direction your paper will take. Thesis Statement. Exercise 1 Consider the introduction below. Use the comment function in Word to label where the client placed the three elements of an effective introduction. Be specific for which of the individual concepts listed under element two are attended to. Assignment: Write a paper arguing your stance on globalization, based on the texts youve read for this course. Discuss the main players involved in the globalization debate as well as how and why globalization is effective or ineffective. Globalization is a socially polarizing movement. Some people view it as the way of the future, while others see it as the source of current global discontent. Over the past half-century, leaders in the global economic system have encouraged the liberalization of the free market in hopes that globalization would spread the wealth of developed nations to the rest of the world. In recent years, however, awareness of the detriments of globalization has increased. Activist groups, non-governmental organizations, and developing governments have put increasing scrutiny on the organizations that power globalization, the most important of which are the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the governments of wealthy nations. Close analysis of case studies and comprehensive statistics shows that the hypocrisy of institutions and of wealthy nations, as well as the rigidity of the global economic system, have prevented the benefits of globalization from reaching the worlds poorest nations. Building a Good Introduction: Piece by Piece: Opening Sentence(s): Start Powerfully The first sentence in the introduction can be the most difficult. Avoid broad statements, questions, quotations, global opening statements (e.g. Since the beginning of time), and other clich attention getters; start your argument right away. Four ways to dive right into the topic: Begin with a concession (e.g. Many school reformers have pointed to the problem of inequity in school funding, but few have provided a clear blueprint for how money is best spent to support student development and achievement of students from poor neighborhoods and families.). Begin with a paradox (e.g. Despite spending more money than any other nation in the world on public schools, urban schools in America perform worse than publicly-funded schools in most countries.) Begin with a short anecdote or narrative. (e.g. Students at North Lawndale College Prep High School talk about their college application process and speak in detail about their preparation for college. In our panel discussion, they demonstrated more understanding of what college was going to be like for them than I had before coming to 91. As they walk the hallways of their high school, chatting with us about their future plans, it is easy to forget that they live in one of the most impoverished neighborhoods in America.) Begin with relevant background material (e.g. Kozols portrait of schooling in America shows us that children do not get the same educational opportunities. He shows that funding inequities result in lack of student and teacher commitment and belief in the schooling process. North Lawndale College Prepa charter school with private and public funding sourcesprovides an alternate view of an urban public school, one where teachers and students are highly committed to the schooling process and belief that a good education can change lives and communities.) Exercise 2: Refer to the sample introduction in Exercise 1. Which approach did the client use for his/her first sentence? Type Answer Here: Use Substantive Statements Each sentence should contribute to the development of your argument. Avoid fact-only sentences, such as Jane Austen uses letters to reveal important information. Incorporate facts into more substantive statements, such as Austens use of letters allows her to relay key narrative information in a concise and engaging way. The purpose of an argument is not to state factsit is to argue something significant about the facts. Avoid Filler Sentences To ensure that each sentence develops the argument, look for and omit filler sentences. Filler sentences include broad opening sentences, superfluous information, generalizations, etc. These sentences include any sentences that do not contribute to the readers introduction to the topic and the development of the argument. Exercise 3: Read the sample introduction below. Which of the sentences qualify as filler sentences? Underline full sentences and parts of sentences that should be omitted. Then, in the space provided at the end of the paragraph, make a list of questions that you would ask your client about his/her argument to help him/her focus this introduction. Despite societys beliefs, it is common that in todays society that women are faced with the question of whether or not to get an abortion. Abortion is an extremely controversial topic in todays society, and even worse in the early 1900s, when the story, Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway, takes place. The story also shows the struggle of womens equality to men during this time period. Men use their power to control and manipulate women into making decisions. The main characters in the story are a female who is not named and a man named Jig. The girl, as she is called in the story, is faced with the decision of whether or not to have an abortion. The girl feels pressured by Jig; however many problems are associated with this decisioninfertility, the possibility of death, and guilt. Although Jig wants the girl to have an abortion, he is also faced with the guilt of killing his own baby. Type Your List of Questions Here: End with a Strong Thesis Statement See Developing the Thesis Statement Module by Cleo Hehn. Strategies to Assist Clients with Introductions Outline the Paper Before Writing the Introduction A critical role of the introductory paragraph is to establish the pattern of organization that the essay will follow. Therefore, use the papers outline to aid the order of sentences in the introduction. Example: Clients Outline: Intro (Thesis: Environmentalists exhibit values consistent with the American tradition of civic mindedness, in which collective interests, rather than individual desires, represent the highest priority.) American environmental movement is being criticized as un-democratic Qualities of American democracy compromise benefitting the whole, not the individual Arguments that environmentalist activists are undermining Threaten an individuals constitutional rights, such as how he/she can use his/her property The number of environmental lobbyists makes the problem seem worse than it is Environmental movements agenda: Get population to think of greater good (not just their individual rights) Get population to think of the repercussions of each persons actions (how one affects the whole) CONCLUSION: Environmental movement is working to better something for everyonenot the individual, which is the root of the American democracy How the Clients Outline Translated into an Introduction: Claims that the American environmental movement undermines traditional democratic values are wrong. In fact, the movement emphasizes a commitment to compromise and a concern for the greater good that characterize the American democratic tradition. Critics argue that supporters of the environmental movement threaten fundamental constitutional rights, such as peoples ability to use their property as they see fit. Critics also question environmentalists use of lobbying to achieve goals, arguing that these tactics result in disproportionate attention given to environmental concerns. While it is true that environmentalists often advocate the adoption of policies that may restrict individual behavior, they do so within legally sanctioned bounds, recognizing that they are but one player in the formulation of public policy. By vigorously advocating for more stringent environmental standards, supporters of the environmental movement seek to persuade the American population to look beyond individual desires and to consider the broader impact of individual decisions. In so doing, environmentalists exhibit values consistent with the American tradition of civic mindedness, in which collective interests, rather than individual desires, represent the highest priority. Exercise 4: Comment on how the writer used the outline to write the introduction. Type here. Write the Introduction after Writing the Paper Some writers may find it helpful to begin writing their papers with just a working thesis and not an entire introduction. After the body paragraphs have been drafted, writers often have better developed and focused their argument. To help these writers capture their entire argument in their introduction, backwards outline the paper (see Backwards Outlining Module) to identify each paragraphs claim and evidence. Use the resultant outline to outline the elements necessary for that particular paper. After applying this strategy, clients should also check that their body paragraphs dont need to be adjusted to fit with the narrowed focus and new introduction. Revise Introductions: Many writers mistakenly assume the first draft of their introduction is the final draft. On the contrary, writers should revise their introduction once theyve completed the paper. This revision should focus on ensuring that the introduction reflects what the writer has discovered through the process of composing the full argument. Exercise 5: What advice would you give the client who wrote the following introduction? Where should he focus his revision? What techniques could you suggest? Frame your advice in a way that teaches the client something about the general structure or goals of introductions. In your response, use specific language and terminology from the module. Type in the space provided below. Assignment: How has North Lawndale College Prep Answered Kozols call for reform? NLCPHS and Savage Inequalities Introduction: North Lawndale College Prep High School has managed to solve many of the problems that continue to plague the American public school system. As a charter school NLCP differs greatly from the urban public schools described in Jonathon Kozol's Savage Inequalities. There are four interconnected factors responsible for NLCP success. Their methodology starts with a freedom to spend money in creative and rewarding ways. Then in addition to state support, they have a development office which is solely responsible for gaining additional funding. This gives them the ability to create a curriculum that focuses on preparation for college instead of merely state mandates. Finally and most importantly, educating students in low-income areas can create much needed positive leaders in the community and greater potential for future growth. All of these factors contribute to NLCP success and differ from Kozol's descriptions of urban public schools. 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