ࡱ>  'Jbjbj 4ssA4 eeeeeyyy8|-yO&MMMNNNNNNN,QbTn+OeMMMMM+OeeH@OMeeNMNHMpNV;RJ4NVO0OJTThMM`e9NMMM+O+OMMMOMMMMTMMMMMMMMM + +:   STYLE/CLARITY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT MODULE The purpose of this module is to introduce you to key strategies to help clients effectively revise their sentences for clarity and efficient expression. Many clients call writing wordy when they cannot understand the writing. So be sure to not lose meaning as you reduce words. Begin by replacing vague words with more specific ones and interrogating the necessity of every word. Example: Our Web site has made available many of the things you can use for making a decision on the best dentist. (20 words) Concise: Our website presents criteria for determining the best dentist. (9 words) Note the differences in these two sentences: (1) more active verb (2) clearer predicate. Now Your Turn: Express the following in half as many words: Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood formed a new band of musicians together in 1969, giving it the ironic name of Blind Faith because early speculation that was spreading everywhere about the band suggested that the new musical group would be good enough to rival the earlier bands that both men had been in, Cream and Traffic, which people had really liked and had been very popular. (66 words) TYPE Here: NOW, reflect on your process for doing that HERE: Sometimes the best way to reduce wordiness is to combine sentences. Some information does not require a full sentence, and can easily be inserted into another sentence without losing any of its value. Wordy: Ludwig's castles are an astounding marriage of beauty and madness. By his death, he had commissioned three castles. (18 words) Concise: Ludwig's three castles are an astounding marriage of beauty and madness. (11 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: The supposed crash of a UFO in Roswell, New Mexico aroused interest in extraterrestrial life. This crash is rumored to have occurred in 1947. (24 words) Concise: Eliminate words that explain the obvious or provide excessive detail Always consider readers while drafting and revising writing. If passages explain or describe details that would already be obvious to readers, delete or reword them. Wordy: It goes without saying that we are acquainted with your policy on filing tax returns, and we have every intention of complying with the regulations that you have mentioned. (29 words) Concise: We intend to comply with the tax-return regulations that you have mentioned. (12 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: Imagine a mental picture of someone engaged in the intellectual activity of trying to learn what the rules are for how to play the game of chess. (27 words) Concise: (9 words) Eliminate unnecessary determiners and modifiers Writers sometimes clog up their prose with one or more extra words or phrases that seem to determine narrowly or to modify the meaning of a noun but don't actually add to the meaning of the sentence. Although such words and phrases can be meaningful in the appropriate context, they are often used as "filler" and can easily be eliminated. Wordy: Any particular type of dessert is fine with me. (9 words) Concise: Any dessert is fine with me. (6 words) Now, Your Turn: Wordy: Balancing the budget by Friday is an impossibility without some kind of extra help. (14 words) Concise: (10 words) Wordy: For all intents and purposes, American industrial productivity generally depends on certain factors that are really more psychological in kind than of any given technological aspect. (26 words) Concise: (11 words) Here's a list of some words and phrases that can often be pruned away to make sentences clearer: kind of sort of type of really basically for all intents and purposes definitely actually generally individual specific particular Omit repetitive wording Watch for phrases or longer passages that repeat words with similar meanings. Words that don't build on the content of sentences or paragraphs are rarely necessary. Wordy: I would appreciate it if you would bring to the attention of your drafting officers the administrator's dislike of long sentences and paragraphs in messages to the field and in other items drafted for her signature or approval, as well as in all correspondence, reports, and studies. Please encourage your section to keep their sentences short. (56 words) Concise: Please encourage your drafting officers to keep sentences and paragraphs in letters, reports, and studies short. Dr. Lomas, the administrator, has mentioned that reports and memos drafted for her approval recently have been wordy and thus time-consuming. (37 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: The supply manager considered the correcting typewriter an unneeded luxury. (10 words) Concise: (9 words) Omit redundant pairs Many pairs of words imply each other. Finish implies complete, so the phrase completely finish is redundant in most cases. So are many other pairs of words: past memories various differences each individual _______ basic fundamentals true facts important essentials future plans terrible tragedy end result final outcome free gift past history unexpected surprise sudden crisis A related expression that's not redundant as much as it is illogical is "very unique." Since unique means "one of a kind," adding modifiers of degree such as "very," "so," "especially," "somewhat," "extremely," and so on is illogical. One-of-a-kind-ness has no gradations; something is either unique or it is not. Now Your Turn: Wordy: Before the travel agent was completely able to finish explaining the various differences among all of the many very unique vacation packages his travel agency was offering, the customer changed her future plans. (33 words) Concise: (23 words) Omit redundant categories Specific words imply their general categories, so we usually don't have to state both. We know that a period is a segment of time, that pink is a color, that shiny is an appearance. In each of the following phrases, the general category term can be dropped, leaving just the specific descriptive word: large in size often times of a bright color heavy in weight period in time round in shape at an early time economics field of cheap quality honest in character of an uncertain condition in a confused state unusual in nature extreme in degree of a strange type Wordy: During that time period, many car buyers preferred cars that were pink in color and shiny in appearance. (18 words) Concise: During that period, many car buyers preferred pink, shiny cars. (10 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: The microscope revealed a group of organisms that were round in shape and peculiar in nature. (16 words) Concise: (9 words) Change phrases into single-words and adjectives Using phrases to convey meaning that could be presented in a single word contributes to wordiness. Convert phrases into single words when possible. Wordy: The employee with ambition... (4 words) Concise: The ambitious employee... (3 words) Wordy: The department showing the best performance... (6 words) Concise: The best-performing department... (4 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: Jeff Converse, our chief of consulting, suggested at our last board meeting the installation of microfilm equipment in the department of data processing. (23 words) Concise: Wordy: We read the letter we received yesterday and reviewed it thoroughly. Concise: Wordy: As you carefully read what you have written to improve your wording and catch small errors of spelling, punctuation, and so on, the thing to do before you do anything else is to try to see where a series of words expressing action could replace the ideas found in nouns rather than verbs. (53 words) Concise: Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases Using a clause to convey meaning that could be presented in a phrase or even a word contributes to wordiness. Convert modifying clauses into phrases or single words when possible. Wordy: The report, which was released recently... (6 words) Concise: The recently released report... (4 words) Wordy: All applicants who are interested in the job must... (9 words) Concise: All job applicants must... (4 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: The system that is most efficient and accurate... (8 words) Concise: (6 words) Change Passive Verbs into Active Verbs Wordy: An account was opened by Mrs. Simms. (7 words) Concise: Mrs. Simms opened an account. (5 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: Your figures were checked by the research department. (8 words) Concise: Avoid overusing expletives at the beginning of sentences Expletives are phrases of the form it + be-verb or there + be-verb. Such expressions can be rhetorically effective for emphasis in some situations, but overuse or unnecessary use of expletive constructions creates wordy prose. Take the following example: "It is imperative that we find a solution." The same meaning could be expressed with this more succinct wording: "We must find a solution." But using the expletive construction allows the writer to emphasize the urgency of the situation by placing the word imperative near the beginning of the sentence, so the version with the expletive may be preferable. Still, you should generally avoid excessive or unnecessary use of expletives. The most common kind of unnecessary expletive construction involves an expletive followed by a noun and a relative clause beginning with that, which, or who. In most cases, concise sentences can be created by eliminating the expletive opening, making the noun the subject of the sentence, and eliminating the relative pronoun. Wordy: It is the governor who signs or vetoes bills. (9 words) Concise: The governor signs or vetoes bills. (6 words) Wordy: There are four rules that should be observed: ... (8 words) Concise: Four rules should be observed:... (5 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: There was a big explosion, which shook the windows, and people ran into the street. (15 words) Concise: (12 words) Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs Use verbs when possible rather than noun forms known as nominalizations. Sentences with many nominalizations usually have forms of be as the main verbs. Using the action verbs disguised in nominalizations as the main verbsinstead of forms of becan help to create engaging rather than dull prose. Wordy: The function of this department is the collection of accounts. (10 words) Concise: This department collects accounts. (4 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: The current focus of the medical profession is disease prevention. (10 words) Concise: (8 words) Avoid unnecessary infinitive phrases Some infinitive phrases can be converted into finite verbs or brief noun phrases. Making such changes also often results in the replacement of a be-verb with an action verb. Wordy: The duty of a clerk is to check all incoming mail and to record it. (15 words) Concise: A clerk checks and records all incoming mail. (8 words) Now Your Turn: Wordy: A shortage of tellers at our branch office on Friday and Saturday during rush hours has caused customers to become dissatisfied with service. (23 words) Concise: (18 words) Avoid circumlocutions in favor of direct expressions Circumlocutions are commonly used roundabout expressions that take several words to say what could be said more succinctly. We often overlook them because many such expressions are habitual figures of speech. In writing, though, they should be avoided since they add extra words without extra meaning. Of course, occasionally you may for rhetorical effect decide to use, say, an expletive construction instead of a more succinct expression. These guidelines should be taken as general recommendations, not absolute rules. Wordy: At this/that point in time... (2/4 words) Concise: Now/then... (1 word) Wordy: In accordance with your request... (5 words) Concise: As you requested... (3 words) Below are some other words which may simplify lengthier circumlocutions. because since whythe reason for for the reason that owing/due to the fact that in light of the fact that considering the fact that on the grounds that this is whywhenon the occasion of in a situation in which under circumstances in whichaboutin regards to in reference to with regard to concerning the matter of where _______ is concernedmust shouldit is crucial that it is necessary that there is a need/necessity for cannot be avoidedcanis able to has the opportunity to has the capacity for has the ability to"may" "might" "could"it is possible that there is a chance that it could happen that the possibility exists for Now Your Turn: Wordy: It is possible that nothing will come of these preparations. (10 words) Concise: (6 words) Wordy: She has the ability to influence the outcome. (8 words) Concise: (5 words) Wordy: It is necessary that we take a stand on this pressing issue. (12 words) Concise: (9 words) Now, time to put this all in action with a real sentence. This is what you will be expected to do during the SPA (Sytax Performance Assessment). Practice The Paramedic Method. Circle the prepositions (of, in, about, for, onto, into) Draw a box around the "is" verb forms Ask, "Where's the action?" Change the "action" into a simple verb Move the doer into the subject (Who's kicking whom) Eliminate any unnecessary slow wind-ups Eliminate any redundancies.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/jpeg/20061108103906_635.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Image Caption:Paramedic Method Example Use the Paramedic Method in the sentences below to practice. The point I wish to make is that the employees working at this company are in need of a much better manager of their money. It is widely known that the engineers at Sandia Labs have become active participants in the Search and Rescue operations in most years. After reviewing the results of your previous research, and in light of the relevant information found within the context of the study, there is ample evidence for making important, significant changes to our operating procedures. Example Concise Solutions: Employees at this company need a better money manager. In recent years, engineers at Sandia Labs have participated in the Search and Rescue operations. After reviewing the results of your research and within the context of the study, we find evidence supporting significant changes in our operating procedures. Now You Try: Edit this sentence. This is an example of a real sentence from a real client: Among the many reasons for North Lawndale College Prep, it addresses the problem of school reform by redesigning their school while taking into account how children in such a deprived neighborhood will aspire to pursue higher education levels and work hard in school. As you edit the sentence, describe the moves you make to do so. Now, consider how you would include the client in editing this sentence by using one or all of the following strategies: Reading the sentence aloud. Paraphrasing and restating the sentence. Breaking the sentence into parts and showing relationships among the parts. Asking questions. Rewriting complex sentences into simple sentences and then recombining them. Proper choice of punctuation, unclear or overuse of pronouns, and poor choice of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions can also impede sentence clarity. Example: Judy leads a charmed life; she never seems to have a serious accident. Critique: The semicolon is a good choice here because the relationship is clear, and the two independent clauses are structurally similar. The pronoun she clearly refers to Judy as there is no other possible antecedent. Critique three of the following grammatically correct sentences for these elements. If necessary, explain how sentences should be revised and why. The airport is about to shut down because of the snow and if the plane doesn't land soon, it will have to go on to Boston. The show begins at 7:30; make sure you're there before 7:15. Marcellino always knew his way around the woods because this is something he could always depend on. Having prepared himself well for the realtor exams and having exhausted everyone in the family with his requests that someone help him with the true-and-false drills, Jeffrey, who had never been a particularly good student in high school, knew he was ready to take on the greatest challenge of his life. These powerful leaders decided what objects would serve as money, and their backing encouraged public faith in the money. People already believed the precious metals to be divine, so their use in money intensified its allure. Throughout history, money and religion were closely linked, and there was little distinction between government and religion. The head of state and the religious leader were often the same person, and all power rested in one ruler. 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