ࡱ> `b_ y=bjbjrr [D54 T;;;D4;<&KKaaa;;;;;;;,7>@;;;;;69K*ܲ7;;0<n7[Ay<9y99;;y<[A + :   COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES Without proper communication, you will get absolutely nothing done during a session. Most people assume that since were editing and correcting their work, we automatically look down on them and their ideas, which, of course, is not the case. To put a client at ease and honor their work, all you really have to do is be patient, tactful, and respectful. Beginning Many first-time clients will be shy. Its your job to be at ease. If youre comfortable in the situation, theyll be more comfortable as well. Ask about their day. If you find something in common with them (same professor, class, etc.) go with it. Jokes. People have said that this tool works wonders. Tell them about what a mess your first college paper was; admit that youve waited to the last minute to do work, too. Down to Business Sometimes the client doesnt feel more comfortable after chatting, so the best option might be to just jump straight into talking about the paper. These are tactics to use during the session with or without the opening chat. Favor open questions, whose answers require an explanation (How does this conclusion better explain your arguments implications?). These engage the client into a discussion with the tutor. They may be: Compare/contrast questions (How does what we generated in our session compare to what you brought in? What is the difference between the model essays conclusion and your own?) Options-based questions (When you say culture, are you referring to anything in particular, like politics? Economics? Social life?) Location questions (Where in this body paragraph do you make the strongest claim about x?) Avoid closed questions, whose answers only require a yes, no, or other one-word responses (Does this conclusion answer the so what question)? Ask questions whose answers provide you with information about either the paper or the writers process (How did you create this thesis statement?). Avoid questions that ask how the client feels (How do you feel about your argument? Are you confident in your argument?) or may cause them to infer a judgment upon their writing (Is this a good thesis, now?). Always make suggestions. Dont tell the clients what you think they should do. Suggest something to them and be sure to provide a decent explanation for why you suggested it. Use reflective listening, which is a way of phrasing statements and questions while maintaining an air of respect and tact. Here are some examples: Say It seems to me that or It might be helpful if. When suggesting corrections or ideas, or any variation thereof. When asking for clarification on what a client is telling you, phrases such as It appears you and Im not certain I understand, but are you saying/thinking/feeling etc. Reflective Listening: Suggested Phrases To exercise reflective listening, learn some of these suggested sample phrases, which are broken into three categories: Phrases to use when you think your perceptions are correct. Im sensing I wonder if I get the impression that As I hear it, you From your point of view In your experience As you see it Im picking up that you Could it be that Correct me if Im wrong What I hear you saying Phrases to use when you have difficulty understanding Could it be... Im not sure if Im with you, but Is it possible that This is what I think I hear you saying.. Could this be whats going on, you Maybe this is a long shot, but Im not certain I understand; youre feeling As I hear it, you Would you buy this idea Correct me if Im wrong, but Does it sound reasonable that you Is there a chance that you is that the way it is? As a reader, I am confused about Phrases to use when you disagree with the client I hear what youre saying, but you may want to consider Thats a valid point, but in my experience, professors typically care more about Maybe we can put this on hold for now and come back to it later if we have time. You know, I might suggest you do x differently, but if you feel strongly about it, then that is your call. This is your paper; Im just here to offer a new perspective. Explaining Yourself As the tutor, it is important to take charge in a session. However, you cannot leave your client behind in the dark; as you work through a session, its important that the client understands what youre doing and why youre doing what you are. Reflective listening is important for getting the client to understand what the problem is, but the difficulty comes from providing explanations for your choices in a session. For example, a client may not understand how a backwards outline works or how an adjective phrase differs from an adverb phrase. Its important to keep your explanations natural and comprehensible; using complex language may only confuse and discourage the client further. Use the following exercise to practice communication techniques. Exercise: Imagine your client brings in the following draft about WWI to your appointment: The effects of World War I are ones that are still felt to this day in many ways. Our country as a whole was shaped as a direct result of this event from superficially an economic and social standpoint. Great things such as women taking a larger role in society came about from this war, but horrific events such as the Great Depression can also be correlated with WWI. There are countless results from this cataclysmic event on both ends of the spectrums, and to truly analyse each and every change is a daunting task, but one that will shed great light as to the progression of our nation society as a whole. Beginning the war in 1914, the United States specifically opposed joining for the simple mindset of remaining neutrality. Those in office such as the newly elected Woodrow Wilson believed that involvement in the war was not on the agenda of the U.S., stating that he would rather booker a peace more than anything. It was not until the sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania, which was carrying United States citizens who perished as a result, which obviously sparked much debate as to fighting back, but Wilson once again stated that the U.S. is too proud to fight, showing how strict he was on involvement in the conflict even at the cost of American lives. The last straw thought was once Germany continued their unrestricted submarine warfare along with intercepting the Zimmermann note which detailed Germany enticing Mexico to enter the war which they would pay back the favor by aiding them with taking back the territories in the United States such as Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. With this horrifying news, the U.S. had no choice but to join the global conflict, and officially declared war on April 6, 1917 (Armtage,33). Taking a step back and looking at the United States as a whole before involvement in the war we see great promise. Before the war in the early 1800s, the U.S. was considered to be one of the greatest economic superpowers due to the industrialization, expansion, and prosperity of the 1800s. Our nation rivaled that of the elderly European nations, and the future only looked to be even brighter. The opportunities in America only led to an immense amount of immigration in the 1800s which can directly be attributed to the fantastic personal growth which only allotted greater production, greater wages, and essentially greater personal wealth. Unfortunately this all was for not, as the Civil War loomed soon after this economic prosperity, and our reconstruction was one that was slow and steady much to the dismay of the nation. Once this dark time was behind us though, the Gilded Age was on the horizon. This time set out the impending capitalist economy that we would soon become accustom to, which also allowed for huge corporations, transportation and communication networks, the growth of heavy industries, banking and financial organizations all to result from this era. Not to mention that the U.S. was considered to be the creative hub of the world, producing inventions such as the telegraph, telephone, as well as electric power and lighting (Hans-Jurgen Schroder, 56). All of this in turn made for an economic boom that would carry over into the 1900s which would make America one of the greatest economic superpowes on the planet, with one of the largest economies and military power. An overall nation that was at the peak of its existence at this time, where seemingly nothing could stop it. Once the war broke out in 1914 we are met with a string of events that set up the ensuing economic downpoor that would soon come. Although the U.S. fell into a slight recession before the war, once it broke out Americas economy experienced a fantastic boom due to Europeans buying an abundance of U.S. goods for the war and continuing this even once they joined the war outright. This boom was also met with the Allied forces needing to have money leant to them in order to continue the spending they required for the war, so the United States was handing out hefty loans to the Europeans which would later become a larger problem (Hans-Jurgen Schroder, 74). One the U.S. decided to step into the conflict, we see a massive deal of spending which obviously occurs once any country goes to war, but this spending brought the boom that the United States was experiencing to come to a halt. With our newfound involvement, nearly four million people were displaced from their home lives and involved in the war effort by either the military or government positions. This in turn caused unemployment to decrease from 7.9% to 1.4% almost instantly due to the displacement of men for the war effort (Rockoff, 1). While unemployment going down may seem like a great accomplishment, at this time it meant for women to pick up the slack for the lack of men in the country. This called for great empowerment for women at this time, with them taking traditionally mens jobs for the first time in history, which showed ample desire to aid their country in any way possible. Figures such as Emmeline Pankhurst were campaigning across the country to encourage women to join the effort and better the nation they live in (Rockoff, 1). I found this astounding, just for the fact that Pankhurst was a devout suffragist and revered countless aspects about our culture, but when the global conflict hit home, she recognized that it was for a greater good than her own personal ambitions at the time. A true tale of the selflessness that war can bring out in one another solely for the protection of the nation they call home. She was obviously not the woman of note, with essentially every single woman who took on the role of a man during this time considered a hero in my eyes. They were conditioning themselves to ration food to cut out waste, working in grimy assembly line jobs, and taking care of their family without the support of their loved one is a daunting task that amplifies the respect that should be given for all women who take it upon themselves to help the war effort in any way possible. Bringing it back to the economic standpoint, we see the United States come up with cleaver ways to continue to bring in the needed amount of money for the war. Examples of this are attempts to guide economic activity with centralized price and production controls administered by the War Industries Board, the Food Administration, and the Fuel Administration (Lozada, 3). This all basically means that the top priority of these organizations was to produce goods for the war effort which we can see blatantly with the priorities system that made military demands the highest rating of A (Cunningham, 1). This did not bode well with many companies, stating that it was a cheap way of shortchanging those who are producing the goods, and caused many issues between the government and the given industries. Overall though, the wartime experience was vastly considered to be one that was successful at the time, and gave confidence in those who held power throughout the nation about rallying of the country in this time of crisis. Your client merely asks for a lookover, seemingly unconcerned with the quality of the writing. What are your priorities (identify and list at least 3-4), and how would you respectfully communicate them to your client? Type Here: Now imagine that when you communicate your concerns with the client, he begins to argue that he disagrees. He would prefer to work on a priority that isnt your first. Using the suggested phrases above, write two examples of how you might explain your concerns to the client without offending him or making him feel threatened. Would you compromise or work through your priorities as is? Type Here: Revisit the strategies under down to business and consider how you would discuss the draft and structure the rest of the appointment. What would you say? What would the specific goals be and what strategies would you use to achieve those goals? How would you explain the logic behind your choices in goals and strategies? Type Here: As the two of you work through the draft and develop strategies, you realize your client either isnt paying attention or does not understand why youre doing what youre doing and is lost. After asking him, he confesses to the latter. How would you approach your client and explain why youre doing what you are? Type Here: At the end of the session, you were not able to address the third priority, which your client wanted to work on. As you close the session, how would you acknowledge this? 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