ࡱ>  Xjbjbׅ (xM4 QQmT 9!M!M!M!M!8!4!DM! \!!""""#"#"#[[[[[[[^7a[Q"#"#"#%DL&[(QQ""[(((&Q"Q"[("#[((2:VQQ[1M!'X.`[L[0 \DXa(a\[([&D["#"#"# :   WORKING ON SYNTAX: INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS International students are our most frequent clients. Working with a student whose native language is not English requires a unique skill set. While working at the Writing Center, you will develop your own skills in working with international students. It will require more energy, concentration, and technical knowledge to tutor a non-native speaker. Listed below are recommended tips to ensure a productive session with an international client. For many of these tips, a specific tool is provided along with an explanation. While reading through this information, make sure to answer the questions in bold. DONT FORGET TYPICAL TUTOR TOOLS All of the tools you use in sessions with native English speakers are applicable to sessions with international students, such as backwards outlining. Dont underestimate the power of positive reinforcement, especially for non-native speakers. Learning a new language can be daunting, and pointing out a students strengths can help him/her see his/her own accomplishments. Ask the student for a synopsis of the paper before you begin reading. Many international students will have an easier time expressing their ideas verbally as opposed to on paper. This step may prevent confusion and miscommunication later on in the session. Use oral strategies to reinforce written structures. Be sure you have the client read aloud new or possible constructions so that they can hear and see on paper how these new constructions work. DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO WRITING IN NON-WESTERN COUNTRIES: The way U.S. students organize a paper (intro, thesis, body, conclusion) is one way of organizing an academic paper; students from other countries may have been taught to put their thesis at the end of the paper. In Middle Eastern cultures, writers often digress. In fact, the more eloquently and cleverly one can digress, the more respect is given to his prose. Consider, too, Eastern ways of thinking, in which a writer might walk around and around an idea, observing it from many perspectives, getting closer and closer to his subject in every circle, without ever really nailing it. Another example is that clarity and directness are perceived as good in our society and flowery or prosaic language might be valued in others. Our values as regards linearity (and other aspects of writing) are not universal. They are relative, peculiar to our culture and need to be presented as such to clients as what is necessary (not necessarily better) because we are writing in and for a Western cultural institution. Not all languages contain the same parts of speech as English; for instance, Russian and Chinese have no articles. Some students may have issues analyzing the texts that they are supposed to be writing about and may come in for help with comprehension. Textual authority is an issue for many international students. In many non-Western countries, students are taught to memorize and summarize authority, not develop their own positions or ideas. Dont be surprised when you see more summarizing and paraphrasing and quoting and less articulation of ideas in first drafts. You may need to explain the importance of a thesis statement, topic sentences, and conclusions that take a stance. Because students have been taught to stay close to the text and that their ideas are not as important as those of authorities, they may wander into plagiarism. Be aware of this, and be sure to review the rules about plagiarism and demonstrate strategies for avoiding it. TYPICAL DILLEMMAS WHEN WORKING WITH INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS: Reading aloud. Because international students often have heavy accents, they may be uncomfortable reading aloud. You will need to explain why reading aloud is important. You will need to pick and prioritize carefully which grammar or style issues you plan to address in a session. In some cases, you may just correct in order to save your time for areas where the client can learn a rule and practice it. The English language is a mongrel language. Many of our constructions need to be learned from hearing the language over and over again, through immersion rather than by learning and applying a rule or strategy (for example, articles, phrasal verbs). Be aware of the difference and use your time in a session to reinforce hearing correct constructions through reading aloud and other strategies that can be learned and practiced. Focus on issues that confuse the intended meaning first. If something is unclear, always ask a client what he or she meant to say. International students are often very familiar with grammar terminology. They have been taught textbook English. Therefore, improving upon your own knowledge of these terms is helpful. Using technical terminology may also help the client connect his/her previous knowledge with what he/she works on in the Center. Familiarize yourself with the six common errors you will experience with international writers. Then use the sample paragraph to practice identifying these mistakes. Subject-Verb Agreement (Hacker 21-25) the subject of the sentence should agree with the verb in person or number. Verb Tense (Hacker 29-31) these errors occur when an incorrect time marker is used (I was working on my paper since 6am). Verb Form (Hacker 48) a verb is incorrectly formed (I was cook dinner). Singular/Plural Noun Endings (Hacker 87, 88) there is confusion about which nouns are countable and which are not. Word Form the wrong part of speech is chosen (Im happy to live in a democracy country). Correct Choice of Article and Preposition Examples: sitting by the table is different than sitting at the table; being concerned with something vs. concerned by something; dwelling in vs. dwelling on. These constructions have to be explained and modeled and heard with practice before a non-native speaker can learn them (Hacker 50-53 and Hacker 55-56). Passive voice: International students often have not had this level of writing training and do not know the difference between passive and active and when one should be used over the other or why it matters. Unsure writers often hide behind the passive voice as their default position. Long, wordy sentences: Most international clients are more sophisticated in their thinking than they are in their writing style. They end up using long, wordy sentences rather than proper subordination or coordination in sentence structure or transitional phrasing. (See Teaching Clients to Edit Module for details on how to teach this). TIP: Diana Hacker has a section for non-native speakers from page 48-56 in the newest guide. The most helpful pages are page 53 (Commonly used non-count nouns), and page 56 (At, on, and in to show time and place). These pages are also good to review to prepare yourself for sessions with international students. Exercise 1: Review the sample paragraph below. Identify the errors and label them with the appropriate term from above. (Hint: there are two verb-tense issues, two sentence-structure issues, two word-form issues, two verb-form issues, and one singular/plural noun-ending issue.) Use the comment function to highlight and label these errors. (Sample paragraph taken from Bruce & Rafoths ESL Writers: A Guide for Writing Center Tutors, 2004.) Jackson applied for a job and was given an interview since he had all the necessary skills for the job; however, he does not have the moral values such as respect other people or when not to use abusive language. So during Jacksons interviewed, he interrupted and used foul language toward his interviewers, and a as result he did not get the job. However, with the institute of moral values as a part of the school academic, it will prove or built on to the moral values each student already possessed. Reflect on the errors above. How might you explain why certain usages are correct or incorrect? Give two examples below. Vocabulary development and word choice. You will need to explain the differences in connotation and denotation and common use of different words. These steps can be used when a client is misusing a word or you are introducing a new word to them. 1. If a word is misused, ask the client to clarify his or her intended meaning. 2. Suggest (or look up in one of the resources below) a different word. 3. Provide some example sentences help to reinforce the new word in context. International students may also misuse or not know commonly used idioms in American English. Idioms are groups of two or more words that taken together mean something different from the literal meaning of the individual words (back cover of The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms). When working with international clients, use the international style guides and the thesaurus to teach these differences in word usage and help them make good choices. Be sure to read aloud the different words in context, so that they can hear the differences as well as see them. Resources To Help Explain Word Choice To an International Client (on bookcase in Center): Ammer, Christine. The American Heritage English as a Second Language Dictionary. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2003. Print. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print. The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. Print. Exercise 2: Using the resources above (if applicable), explain why the client needs to replace the erroneous word choice that is underlined in each example below. Cite the text and page number that you think would be the best reference for the client in each scenario. The first one has been done for you. Original Sentence: I sprayed the ants in their private places. Correction: I sprayed the ants in their hiding places. Resource &/or Explanation: In the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (1200), private parts is defined as a polite way of referring to the sexual organs without saying their names. Private places has the same connotation as private parts. Is that what you intended? What did you intent to say? Example: I anticipate there to be about 400 people at the party. Correction: I expect there to be about 400 people at the party. Resources &/or Explanation: Example: The proceeding speaker did not discuss rational behavior. Correction: The preceding speaker did not discuss rational behavior. Resources &/or Explanation: Exercise 3: Imagine that the following international student drafts are due tomorrow morning. The clients want to work on English grammar. Use the comment function to identify the patterns of error. After reviewing the entire draft, write a list of the clients most prevalent patterns and note which of these grammatical, syntactical, and style issues you would prioritize in this session and why. The first draft has been done for you as an example. EXAMPLE: Cops on TV TV shows are the media that can have a major influence on audience by displaying the material both visually and orally. Due to TV shows impact, people are inclined to accept stereotypes and advertisements, which creaters of TV shows are frequently addressing not only explicitly but also implicitly. Especially, the older crime related show, COPS, addresses stereotypes by showing not only dreadful and authoritative image of male police officers but also weak female victims and evil Latino and African American criminals. On the other hand, the contemporary shows, Chuck and CSI: Miami, do not follow some of stereotypes when they illustrate female and Latino or African American police officers. Therefore, whereas the older police shows, such as COPS, tended to reinforce stereotypes of cops image, race, and sex, the newer police shows, such as Chuck and CSI: Miami, are more likely to challenge these old stereotypes and create new types of stereotypes. Although the older police show COPS is the reality show that confirms strong image of cops, the newer police show Chuck attempts to challenge image of cops. In COPS, police officers are always powerful and terrifying toward criminals even when they are not proven to be guilty yet, which builds the image of police as strong authoritative figure. The newer police show Chuck, however, challenges this stereotype. Chuck, the funny action comedy show, contains many humors and romances in the show, which tries to break such old polices image as powerful and dignified. Likewise in CSI: Miami, the creators of this show try to describe a police officer as a single human rather than an authoritative figure. Thus, the newer shows work harder to challenge stereotypes of cops than the older shows do. In COPS, there are several racism related representatives. For example, most of the criminals or the victims in the show are Latino or African American people. Also police officers in the show are always white males. In both Chuck and CSI: Miami, however, there were some Latino or African American police officers. Yet, the main characters are still white men in both shows. Furthermore, in Chuck, although the creators show Asian, Latino, and African American characters in the program, they illustrated these racial groups with odd behavior or appearance. Thus, although the creators of contemporary shows attempt to challenge stereotypes, they fall short and sometimes create new stereotypes instead. The contemporary shows and the former shows display women differently. There is a mighty female police officer who helps a male officer for beating up enemy in Chuck while women are described as victims and feeble figure in COPs. The creators of Chuck certainly try to challenge the old stereotypes of women by describing woman as mightier character than main character man. It is also ironical description because women are not usually illustrated as mightier figure in TV programs. Although some stereotypes, such as those related to race, are perpetuated or created through the older police shows to the contemporary police shows, the contemporary police programs attempt to challenge several stereotypes, such as portrayal of women and image of cops. Some might argue that TV shows are only advertising and perpetuating wrong stereotypes. Comparison of COPS with Chuck and CSI: Miami, however, clearly shows that TV shows try to promote new notions and break wrong notions rather than perpetuating certain stereotypes. Thus, people still need good TV shows to refresh their old notions and adopt new notions to them. Grammatical, Syntactical, and Style Issues: Articles Word choice Word form Prepositions Verb tense Word order Plurals Unclear meaning and connections Session Priorities: While the client read aloud, I would prioritize clarifying the sentences with unclear meanings and connections. Throughout the read-aloud, I would also mark each mistake and list the most common types of errors without stopping the reading process. After reading a page or so, I would stop the client to review his or her most common errors. I would provide a list of these errors with reference pages in Hacker so that he or she could continue the process after we ran out of time. In this case, for page one, I would review articles, plurals, and word choice. I would be sure to talk to the client about what resources he or she could use to aid the process of choosing and learning new words. YOUR TURN: Crazy or Acting? My favorite actor, Jack Nicholson was born in Neptune, New Jersey at April 1937. He was abandoned by his father in his childhood. He was raised by his grandmother, which he thought to be his mother, and his mother, which he thought to be his sister. He started his career as a messenger boy for MGMs cartoon department. He won three Oscar Awards as Best Actor, an American Comedy Award and other 63 wins and 46 nominations. He took role in movies such as Chinatown, One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, The Shining, Batman, A Few Good Men, As Good as It Gets, Somethings Gotta Give, Anger Management and The Bucket List. He is my favorite actor because he has the ability to go insane in movies, can act different characters and change moods frequently, and can have fun while he is acting which makes him entertaining to watch. Jack Nicholsons insanity enhances him in front of camera and makes him a unique actor. He uses his ability to go crazy in most of his movies. His weird smile, creepy behavior and his facial expressions make his insanity so original. His facial expressions are so unique for himself that replacing him with another actor would make the movie totally different. The character he played in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest was in a mental hospital but was also energetic and recreational. So he had to show both sides of the character, why he was crazy and why he needed to be outside. He showed this by his facial expressions, raising his eyebrow, his weird smile as much as with action. The movie he peaked his mimics was The Shining where he also played mad man, but this time in a scary movie. His smile was so exotic that you believed that he was crazy. His eyes wide opened, hair pointing towards the sky, smiling as though he was hiding something made you frightened as winternational as amazed. Not only with his face, but with all his acting he could show that he is insane. His insanity in all the movies created himself a unique acting style which enhanced his performance. The funny attitude of Jack Nicholson comes up as he changes his apparent moods frequently and adopts his character into himself. He always seems funny to me with his moods and expressions frequently changing. In Anger Management, he played a man who acted as though he was crazy. As he was once smiling and having fun, the other moment he was having pain. In the scene where they were in a garage he crushed a car in one moment and then he walked off normally. In another scene he starts yinternationaling at Adam Sandler as if he was angry and then he stops and becomes a calm happy person. Also in the movie As Good as It Gets, he was giving life to a lonely man angry about everything except the waitress he sees every day. As he was being angry about everything he also wanted to sleep with the waitress, so he did his angry face in one moment and changed it to an innocent one the other. His performance in the movie was excinternationalent as he was changing moods and reflected his own style of acting. Thus with the changing of moods, he got himself another bonus as an actor. Jack Nicholson has fun acting and always chooses to play energetic roles which make his movies entertaining for the audience. He doesnt play in action scenes, but he always is full of energy in his scenes. As in Somethings Gotta Give, he gives full passion to his movies. In the movie, while he is an old Casanova, he falls in love and changes his attitude toward women. As in the scene where he sees the woman he is in love with naked, he trembles between walls closing his eyes yinternationaling Sorry. As his insanity, his energy is another indispensible component of his acting. Alike all the movies he gets his energy from his job puts it back as entertainment for the audience. Jack Nicholsons insanity, his ability to change moods, his ability to assume his characters role, and his fun and energetic acting makes him a unique actor. Being such a unique actor, Jack Nicholson is my favorite actor. Grammatical, Syntactical, and Style Issues: Session Priorities:     3.31.11  PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 7 Awk. Intended meaning? Missing article Spinternationaling Meaning/connection with advertising unclear. Intended meaning? Comma inside quotes Word choice Make plural Word choice Word choice These stereotypes Verb tense Word choice Make plural Missing article, make plural, specify what type of image. Word choice Word choice Make plural Funny and comedy redundant Word choice Word order and plurals Intended meaning? Word form Verb tense Verb tense Word choice Omit Verb tense Add article One female and one male character? Intended meaning? Word form Add article Add article Intended meaning? 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